Lumbar interbody fusion (IF) is a common procedure to obtain fusion of the spine by replacement of the intervertebral disc with a cage. Optimization of spinal cages is ongoing to reduce complications such as a pseudoarthrosis and subsidence of the cage. IF animal models (primate. dog. https://www.roneverhart.com/Dubble-Bubble-Gumball-Machine-Dispensers-12-Piece-Box/