Abstract Background Our study aimed to test the hypothesis that the addition of intrathecal morphine (ITM) results in reduced postoperative opioid use and enhanced postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing open liver resection using a standardized enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol with multimodal analgesia. Methods A retrospective analysis of 216 adult patients unde... https://www.roneverhart.com/Audio-Savage/