Efficient prediction and precise depiction of heavy metal concentrations in urban soil are essential for mitigating non-point source pollution and safeguarding public health. Therefore. this research investigated the estimation of soil heavy metal concentrations derived from Gaofen-5 (GF-5) hyperspectral images calibrated by the direct standardization (DS) algorithm. The inversion str... https://pipingrockers.shop/product-category/uva-ursi/